Why has Bertha been characterized as the “madwoman in the attic” by literary scholars ?

To make reference to the rise of personal responsibility in Victorian England for the care of the sick and insane

To represent the shift from the male Gothic villain to the female Gothic villain in the Victorian Gothic novel

To make an ironic statement about the point of view and marginalization of the “Other” in Victorian England

To represent the expansion of Gothic literary spaces from only subterranean spaces to attics as well